Mariculture:
Mariculture is the farming of marine organisms for food and other products such as pharmaceuticals, food additives, jewelry (e.g., cultured pearls), nutraceuticals, and cosmetics, either in the natural marine environment, or in land- or sea-based enclosures, such as cages, ponds, or raceways. [ScienceDirect quoting Encyclopedia of Ocean Sciences]
Noted in “Is there any type of fish you can actually eat sustainably?” Graham Lawton, NewScientist (13 February 2021, paywall):
Aquaculture is also considered in the Aichi targets, which say that by 2020 it should be “managed sustainably, ensuring conservation of biodiversity”. Unsurprisingly, the target wasn’t met. Although most artisanal freshwater aquaculture is sustainable, sea-based aquaculture – called mariculture – isn’t. According to the latest assessment of these targets, it is responsible for “large-scale loss and destruction of coastal wetlands (especially mangroves), and pollution of soil and water”.
