Littoral:
- of or relating to the shore of a lake, sea, or ocean.
- (on ocean shores) of or relating to the biogeographic region between the sublittoral zone and the high-water line and sometimes including the supralittoral zone above the high-water line.
- of or relating to the region of freshwater lake beds from the sublittoralzone up to and including damp areas on shore.
Noted in “Understanding Iranian threat perceptions,” Seyed Hossein Mousavian, AL Monitor:
First are the challenges of the 1980s, namely the Iran-Iraq War and separatist rebellions in Iran’s Kurdistan and Khuzestan provinces, which claimed hundreds of thousands of lives and caused hundreds of billions of dollars in damages. The United States and allied Persian Gulf littoral states played a decisive role in exacerbating these crises, including by buttressing separatists and providing Saddam Hussein with every means of support, including ballistic missiles and chemical weapons, which were used to deadly effect. Toward the end of the war, the United States also directly attacked Iranian oil platforms and even shot down an Iranian civilian airliner.
The author is a former Iranian nuclear negotiator spokesman.
